| Research and Development Expenditure and Public Spending
on Education as Percentage of GDP |
||||||
| (%) | ||||||
| Source: World Bank WDI Database. | ||||||
| Country or Area | Research and Development Expenditure as of GDP | Public Spending on Education, Total as of GDP | ||||
| 2000 | 2005 | 2013 | 2000 | 2005 | 2013 | |
| World | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1① | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.7① |
| High Income | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3② | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.1① |
| Middle Income | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3① | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.4③ |
| China | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.0② | 1.9④ | ||
| Hong Kong, China | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7③ | 4.1 | 3.8 | |
| Macao, China | 0.1 | …① | 3.7 | 2.3 | 3.3② | |
| Bangladesh | 2.4 | 2.2⑤ | ||||
| Brunei Darussalam | …⑤ | 3.7 | 3.5 | |||
| Cambodia | 0.1⑥ | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.6③ | ||
| India | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8① | 4.3 | 3.1 | 3.9② |
| Indonesia | 0.1 | 1.1⑦ | 2.9 | 3.6② | ||
| Iran | 0.7 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 3.7 | ||
| Israel | 4.2 | 4.3 | 3.9② | 6.2 | 5.8 | 5.6① |
| Japan | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.4① | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2① | 3.3 | 2.3 | |
| Korea, Rep. | 2.3 | 2.8 | 4.0① | 3.4④ | 3.9 | 4.6② |
| Laos | 0.0⑥ | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.8③ | ||
| Malaysia | 0.5 | 0.6⑤ | 1.1① | 6.0 | 7.5 | 5.9① |
| Mongolia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3① | 5.6 | 4.3⑤ | 5.5① |
| Myanmar | 0.1 | 0.2⑥ | 0.6 | 0.8① | ||
| Pakistan | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3① | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| Philippines | 0.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.4 | ||
| Singapore | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.1② | 3.3 | 3.2 | 2.9 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.1 | 0.2⑤ | 0.2③ | 3.1⑧ | 1.7② | |
| Thailand | 0.3 | 0.2 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 4.9② | |
| Viet Nam | 0.2⑥ | 6.3② | ||||
| Egypt | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4① | 4.8 | ||
| South Africa | 0.6⑦ | 0.9 | 0.8③ | 5.4 | 5.1 | 6.0 |
| Canada | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.7② | 5.5 | 4.8 | 5.3① |
| Mexico | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4① | 4.1 | 4.9 | 5.1① |
| United States | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.8② | 4.8④ | 5.1 | 5.2① |
| Argentina | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6① | 4.6 | 3.5 | 5.1② |
| Brazil | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2① | 4.0 | 4.5 | 6.3② |
| Venezuela | 0.4 | 0.2 | ||||
| Czech Rep. | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.9② | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.3① |
| France | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3② | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5② |
| Germany | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.9② | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.8① |
| Italy | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3② | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1① |
| Netherlands | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2② | 4.6 | 5.2 | 5.5② |
| Poland | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9② | 5.0 | 5.5 | 4.9① |
| Russia | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1② | 2.9 | 3.8 | |
| Spain | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3② | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.4② |
| Turkey | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9① | 2.6 | 3.1⑤ | |
| Ukraine | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.7① | 4.2 | 6.1 | 6.7② |
| United Kingdom | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7② | 4.4 | 5.2 | 5.8① |
| Australia | 1.6 | 1.9⑤ | 2.4③ | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9② |
| New Zealand | 1.0④ | 1.1 | 1.3① | 6.7④ | 6.3 | 7.4② |
| Note:①Data refer to 2011.②Data refer to 2012.③Data refer to 2010.④Data refer to 1999.⑤Data refer to 2004.⑥Data refer to 2002.⑦Data refer to | ||||||